sdks/c++/basys.sdk.cc/lib/fmt/README.rst - basyx/basyx - Gitiles

 {fmt}
 =====

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 **{fmt}** is an open-source formatting library for C++.
 It can be used as a safe and fast alternative to (s)printf and IOStreams.

 `Documentation <http://fmtlib.net/latest/>`__

 This is a development branch that implements the C++ standards proposal `P0645
 Text Formatting <http://fmtlib.net/Text%20Formatting.html>`__.
 Released versions are available from the `Releases page
 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/releases>`__.

 Features
 --------

 * Replacement-based `format API <http://fmtlib.net/dev/api.html>`_ with
   positional arguments for localization.
 * `Format string syntax <http://fmtlib.net/dev/syntax.html>`_ similar to the one
   of `str.format <https://docs.python.org/2/library/stdtypes.html#str.format>`_
   in Python.
 * Safe `printf implementation
   <http://fmtlib.net/latest/api.html#printf-formatting>`_ including
   the POSIX extension for positional arguments.
 * Support for user-defined types.
 * High speed: performance of the format API is close to that of glibc's `printf
   <http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/c/fprintf>`_ and better than the
   performance of IOStreams. See `Speed tests`_ and
   `Fast integer to string conversion in C++
   <http://zverovich.net/2013/09/07/integer-to-string-conversion-in-cplusplus.html>`_.
 * Small code size both in terms of source code (the minimum configuration
   consists of just three header files, ``core.h``, ``format.h`` and
   ``format-inl.h``) and compiled code. See `Compile time and code bloat`_.
 * Reliability: the library has an extensive set of `unit tests
   <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/tree/master/test>`_.
 * Safety: the library is fully type safe, errors in format strings can be
   reported at compile time, automatic memory management prevents buffer overflow
   errors.
 * Ease of use: small self-contained code base, no external dependencies,
   permissive BSD `license
   <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/blob/master/LICENSE.rst>`_
 * `Portability <http://fmtlib.net/latest/index.html#portability>`_ with
   consistent output across platforms and support for older compilers.
 * Clean warning-free codebase even on high warning levels
   (``-Wall -Wextra -pedantic``).
 * Support for wide strings.
 * Optional header-only configuration enabled with the ``FMT_HEADER_ONLY`` macro.

 See the `documentation <http://fmtlib.net/latest/>`_ for more details.

 Examples
 --------

 This prints ``Hello, world!`` to stdout:

 .. code:: c++

     fmt::print("Hello, {}!", "world");  // uses Python-like format string syntax
     fmt::printf("Hello, %s!", "world"); // uses printf format string syntax

 Arguments can be accessed by position and arguments' indices can be repeated:

 .. code:: c++

     std::string s = fmt::format("{0}{1}{0}", "abra", "cad");
     // s == "abracadabra"

 Format strings can be checked at compile time:

 .. code:: c++

     // test.cc
     #define FMT_STRING_ALIAS 1
     #include <fmt/format.h>
     std::string s = format(fmt("{2}"), 42);

 .. code::

     $ c++ -Iinclude -std=c++14 test.cc
     ...
     test.cc:4:17: note: in instantiation of function template specialization 'fmt::v5::format<S, int>' requested here
     std::string s = format(fmt("{2}"), 42);
                     ^
     include/fmt/core.h:778:19: note: non-constexpr function 'on_error' cannot be used in a constant expression
         ErrorHandler::on_error(message);
                       ^
     include/fmt/format.h:2226:16: note: in call to '&checker.context_->on_error(&"argument index out of range"[0])'
           context_.on_error("argument index out of range");
                    ^

 {fmt} can be used as a safe portable replacement for ``itoa``
 (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/g/NXmpU4>`_):

 .. code:: c++

     fmt::memory_buffer buf;
     format_to(buf, "{}", 42);    // replaces itoa(42, buffer, 10)
     format_to(buf, "{:x}", 42);  // replaces itoa(42, buffer, 16)
     // access the string using to_string(buf) or buf.data()

 Formatting of user-defined types is supported via a simple
 `extension API <http://fmtlib.net/latest/api.html#formatting-user-defined-types>`_:

 .. code:: c++

     #include "fmt/format.h"

     struct date {
       int year, month, day;
     };

     template <>
     struct fmt::formatter<date> {
       template <typename ParseContext>
       constexpr auto parse(ParseContext &ctx) { return ctx.begin(); }

       template <typename FormatContext>
       auto format(const date &d, FormatContext &ctx) {
         return format_to(ctx.out(), "{}-{}-{}", d.year, d.month, d.day);
       }
     };

     std::string s = fmt::format("The date is {}", date{2012, 12, 9});
     // s == "The date is 2012-12-9"

 You can create your own functions similar to `format
 <http://fmtlib.net/latest/api.html#format>`_ and
 `print <http://fmtlib.net/latest/api.html#print>`_
 which take arbitrary arguments (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/g/MHjHVf>`_):

 .. code:: c++

     // Prints formatted error message.
     void vreport_error(const char *format, fmt::format_args args) {
       fmt::print("Error: ");
       fmt::vprint(format, args);
     }
     template <typename... Args>
     void report_error(const char *format, const Args & ... args) {
       vreport_error(format, fmt::make_format_args(args...));
     }

     report_error("file not found: {}", path);

 Note that ``vreport_error`` is not parameterized on argument types which can
 improve compile times and reduce code size compared to fully parameterized
 version.

 Projects using this library
 ---------------------------

 * `0 A.D. <http://play0ad.com/>`_: A free, open-source, cross-platform real-time
   strategy game

 * `AMPL/MP <https://github.com/ampl/mp>`_:
   An open-source library for mathematical programming

 * `AvioBook <https://www.aviobook.aero/en>`_: A comprehensive aircraft
   operations suite

 * `Celestia <https://celestia.space/>`_: Real-time 3D visualization of space

 * `Ceph <https://ceph.com/>`_: A scalable distributed storage system

 * `CUAUV <http://cuauv.org/>`_: Cornell University's autonomous underwater
   vehicle

 * `HarpyWar/pvpgn <https://github.com/pvpgn/pvpgn-server>`_:
   Player vs Player Gaming Network with tweaks

 * `KBEngine <http://kbengine.org/>`_: An open-source MMOG server engine

 * `Keypirinha <http://keypirinha.com/>`_: A semantic launcher for Windows

 * `Kodi <https://kodi.tv/>`_ (formerly xbmc): Home theater software

 * `Lifeline <https://github.com/peter-clark/lifeline>`_: A 2D game

 * `Drake <http://drake.mit.edu/>`_: A planning, control, and analysis toolbox
   for nonlinear dynamical systems (MIT)

 * `Envoy <https://lyft.github.io/envoy/>`_: C++ L7 proxy and communication bus
   (Lyft)

 * `FiveM <https://fivem.net/>`_: a modification framework for GTA V

 * `MongoDB Smasher <https://github.com/duckie/mongo_smasher>`_: A small tool to
   generate randomized datasets

 * `OpenSpace <http://openspaceproject.com/>`_: An open-source astrovisualization
   framework

 * `PenUltima Online (POL) <http://www.polserver.com/>`_:
   An MMO server, compatible with most Ultima Online clients

 * `quasardb <https://www.quasardb.net/>`_: A distributed, high-performance,
   associative database

 * `readpe <https://bitbucket.org/sys_dev/readpe>`_: Read Portable Executable

 * `redis-cerberus <https://github.com/HunanTV/redis-cerberus>`_: A Redis cluster
   proxy

 * `rpclib <http://rpclib.net/>`_: A modern C++ msgpack-RPC server and client
   library

 * `Saddy <https://github.com/mamontov-cpp/saddy-graphics-engine-2d>`_:
   Small crossplatform 2D graphic engine

 * `Salesforce Analytics Cloud <http://www.salesforce.com/analytics-cloud/overview/>`_:
   Business intelligence software

 * `Scylla <http://www.scylladb.com/>`_: A Cassandra-compatible NoSQL data store
   that can handle 1 million transactions per second on a single server

 * `Seastar <http://www.seastar-project.org/>`_: An advanced, open-source C++
   framework for high-performance server applications on modern hardware

 * `spdlog <https://github.com/gabime/spdlog>`_: Super fast C++ logging library

 * `Stellar <https://www.stellar.org/>`_: Financial platform

 * `Touch Surgery <https://www.touchsurgery.com/>`_: Surgery simulator

 * `TrinityCore <https://github.com/TrinityCore/TrinityCore>`_: Open-source
   MMORPG framework

 `More... <https://github.com/search?q=cppformat&type=Code>`_

 If you are aware of other projects using this library, please let me know
 by `email <mailto:victor.zverovich@gmail.com>`_ or by submitting an
 `issue <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues>`_.

 Motivation
 ----------

 So why yet another formatting library?

 There are plenty of methods for doing this task, from standard ones like
 the printf family of function and IOStreams to Boost Format library and
 FastFormat. The reason for creating a new library is that every existing
 solution that I found either had serious issues or didn't provide
 all the features I needed.

 Printf
 ~~~~~~

 The good thing about printf is that it is pretty fast and readily available
 being a part of the C standard library. The main drawback is that it
 doesn't support user-defined types. Printf also has safety issues although
 they are mostly solved with `__attribute__ ((format (printf, ...))
 <http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Function-Attributes.html>`_ in GCC.
 There is a POSIX extension that adds positional arguments required for
 `i18n <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization>`_
 to printf but it is not a part of C99 and may not be available on some
 platforms.

 IOStreams
 ~~~~~~~~~

 The main issue with IOStreams is best illustrated with an example:

 .. code:: c++

     std::cout << std::setprecision(2) << std::fixed << 1.23456 << "\n";

 which is a lot of typing compared to printf:

 .. code:: c++

     printf("%.2f\n", 1.23456);

 Matthew Wilson, the author of FastFormat, referred to this situation with
 IOStreams as "chevron hell". IOStreams doesn't support positional arguments
 by design.

 The good part is that IOStreams supports user-defined types and is safe
 although error reporting is awkward.

 Boost Format library
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 This is a very powerful library which supports both printf-like format
 strings and positional arguments. Its main drawback is performance.
 According to various benchmarks it is much slower than other methods
 considered here. Boost Format also has excessive build times and severe
 code bloat issues (see `Benchmarks`_).

 FastFormat
 ~~~~~~~~~~

 This is an interesting library which is fast, safe and has positional
 arguments. However it has significant limitations, citing its author:

     Three features that have no hope of being accommodated within the
     current design are:

     * Leading zeros (or any other non-space padding)
     * Octal/hexadecimal encoding
     * Runtime width/alignment specification

 It is also quite big and has a heavy dependency, STLSoft, which might be
 too restrictive for using it in some projects.

 Loki SafeFormat
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 SafeFormat is a formatting library which uses printf-like format strings
 and is type safe. It doesn't support user-defined types or positional
 arguments. It makes unconventional use of ``operator()`` for passing
 format arguments.

 Tinyformat
 ~~~~~~~~~~

 This library supports printf-like format strings and is very small and
 fast. Unfortunately it doesn't support positional arguments and wrapping
 it in C++98 is somewhat difficult. Also its performance and code compactness
 are limited by IOStreams.

 Boost Spirit.Karma
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 This is not really a formatting library but I decided to include it here
 for completeness. As IOStreams it suffers from the problem of mixing
 verbatim text with arguments. The library is pretty fast, but slower
 on integer formatting than ``fmt::Writer`` on Karma's own benchmark,
 see `Fast integer to string conversion in C++
 <http://zverovich.net/2013/09/07/integer-to-string-conversion-in-cplusplus.html>`_.

 Benchmarks
 ----------

 Speed tests
 ~~~~~~~~~~~

 The following speed tests results were generated by building
 ``tinyformat_test.cpp`` on Ubuntu GNU/Linux 14.04.1 with
 ``g++-4.8.2 -O3 -DSPEED_TEST -DHAVE_FORMAT``, and taking the best of three
 runs.  In the test, the format string ``"%0.10f:%04d:%+g:%s:%p:%c:%%\n"`` or
 equivalent is filled 2000000 times with output sent to ``/dev/null``; for
 further details see the `source
 <https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark/blob/master/tinyformat_test.cpp>`_.

 ================= ============= ===========
 Library           Method        Run Time, s
 ================= ============= ===========
 libc              printf          1.35
 libc++            std::ostream    3.42
 fmt 534bff7       fmt::print      1.56
 tinyformat 2.0.1  tfm::printf     3.73
 Boost Format 1.54 boost::format   8.44
 Folly Format      folly::format   2.54
 ================= ============= ===========

 As you can see ``boost::format`` is much slower than the alternative methods; this
 is confirmed by `other tests <http://accu.org/index.php/journals/1539>`_.
 Tinyformat is quite good coming close to IOStreams.  Unfortunately tinyformat
 cannot be faster than the IOStreams because it uses them internally.
 Performance of fmt is close to that of printf, being `faster than printf on integer
 formatting <http://zverovich.net/2013/09/07/integer-to-string-conversion-in-cplusplus.html>`_,
 but slower on floating-point formatting which dominates this benchmark.

 Compile time and code bloat
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 The script `bloat-test.py
 <https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark/blob/master/bloat-test.py>`_
 from `format-benchmark <https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark>`_
 tests compile time and code bloat for nontrivial projects.
 It generates 100 translation units and uses ``printf()`` or its alternative
 five times in each to simulate a medium sized project.  The resulting
 executable size and compile time (Apple LLVM version 8.1.0 (clang-802.0.42),
 macOS Sierra, best of three) is shown in the following tables.

 **Optimized build (-O3)**

 ============= =============== ==================== ==================
 Method        Compile Time, s Executable size, KiB Stripped size, KiB
 ============= =============== ==================== ==================
 printf                    2.6                   29                 26
 printf+string            16.4                   29                 26
 IOStreams                31.1                   59                 55
 fmt                      19.0                   37                 34
 tinyformat               44.0                  103                 97
 Boost Format             91.9                  226                203
 Folly Format            115.7                  101                 88
 ============= =============== ==================== ==================

 As you can see, fmt has 60% less overhead in terms of resulting binary code
 size compared to IOStreams and comes pretty close to ``printf``. Boost Format
 and Folly Format have the largest overheads.

 ``printf+string`` is the same as ``printf`` but with extra ``<string>``
 include to measure the overhead of the latter.

 **Non-optimized build**

 ============= =============== ==================== ==================
 Method        Compile Time, s Executable size, KiB Stripped size, KiB
 ============= =============== ==================== ==================
 printf                    2.2                   33                 30
 printf+string            16.0                   33                 30
 IOStreams                28.3                   56                 52
 fmt                      18.2                   59                 50
 tinyformat               32.6                   88                 82
 Boost Format             54.1                  365                303
 Folly Format             79.9                  445                430
 ============= =============== ==================== ==================

 ``libc``, ``lib(std)c++`` and ``libfmt`` are all linked as shared
 libraries to compare formatting function overhead only. Boost Format
 and tinyformat are header-only libraries so they don't provide any
 linkage options.

 Running the tests
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 Please refer to `Building the library`__ for the instructions on how to build
 the library and run the unit tests.

 __ http://fmtlib.net/latest/usage.html#building-the-library

 Benchmarks reside in a separate repository,
 `format-benchmarks <https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark>`_,
 so to run the benchmarks you first need to clone this repository and
 generate Makefiles with CMake::

     $ git clone --recursive https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark.git
     $ cd format-benchmark
     $ cmake .

 Then you can run the speed test::

     $ make speed-test

 or the bloat test::

     $ make bloat-test

 FAQ
 ---

 Q: how can I capture formatting arguments and format them later?

 A: use ``std::tuple``:

 .. code:: c++

    template <typename... Args>
    auto capture(const Args&... args) {
      return std::make_tuple(args...);
    }

    auto print_message = [](const auto&... args) {
      fmt::print(args...);
    };

    // Capture and store arguments:
    auto args = capture("{} {}", 42, "foo");
    // Do formatting:
    std::apply(print_message, args);

 License
 -------

 fmt is distributed under the BSD `license
 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/blob/master/LICENSE.rst>`_.

 The `Format String Syntax
 <http://fmtlib.net/latest/syntax.html>`_
 section in the documentation is based on the one from Python `string module
 documentation <https://docs.python.org/3/library/string.html#module-string>`_
 adapted for the current library. For this reason the documentation is
 distributed under the Python Software Foundation license available in
 `doc/python-license.txt
 <https://raw.github.com/fmtlib/fmt/master/doc/python-license.txt>`_.
 It only applies if you distribute the documentation of fmt.

 Acknowledgments
 ---------------

 The fmt library is maintained by Victor Zverovich (`vitaut
 <https://github.com/vitaut>`_) and Jonathan Müller (`foonathan
 <https://github.com/foonathan>`_) with contributions from many other people.
 See `Contributors <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/graphs/contributors>`_ and
 `Releases <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/releases>`_ for some of the names.
 Let us know if your contribution is not listed or mentioned incorrectly and
 we'll make it right.

 The benchmark section of this readme file and the performance tests are taken
 from the excellent `tinyformat <https://github.com/c42f/tinyformat>`_ library
 written by Chris Foster.  Boost Format library is acknowledged transitively
 since it had some influence on tinyformat.
 Some ideas used in the implementation are borrowed from `Loki
 <http://loki-lib.sourceforge.net/>`_ SafeFormat and `Diagnostic API
 <http://clang.llvm.org/doxygen/classclang_1_1Diagnostic.html>`_ in
 `Clang <http://clang.llvm.org/>`_.
 Format string syntax and the documentation are based on Python's `str.format
 <http://docs.python.org/2/library/stdtypes.html#str.format>`_.
 Thanks `Doug Turnbull <https://github.com/softwaredoug>`_ for his valuable
 comments and contribution to the design of the type-safe API and
 `Gregory Czajkowski <https://github.com/gcflymoto>`_ for implementing binary
 formatting. Thanks `Ruslan Baratov <https://github.com/ruslo>`_ for comprehensive
 `comparison of integer formatting algorithms <https://github.com/ruslo/int-dec-format-tests>`_
 and useful comments regarding performance, `Boris Kaul <https://github.com/localvoid>`_ for
 `C++ counting digits benchmark <https://github.com/localvoid/cxx-benchmark-count-digits>`_.
 Thanks to `CarterLi <https://github.com/CarterLi>`_ for contributing various
 improvements to the code.
	{fmt}
	=====

	.. image:: https://travis-ci.org/fmtlib/fmt.png?branch=master
	:target: https://travis-ci.org/fmtlib/fmt

	.. image:: https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/ehjkiefde6gucy1v
	:target: https://ci.appveyor.com/project/vitaut/fmt

	.. image:: https://badges.gitter.im/Join%20Chat.svg
	:alt: Join the chat at https://gitter.im/fmtlib/fmt
	:target: https://gitter.im/fmtlib/fmt

	{fmt} is an open-source formatting library for C++.
	It can be used as a safe and fast alternative to (s)printf and IOStreams.

	`Documentation <http://fmtlib.net/latest/>`__

	This is a development branch that implements the C++ standards proposal `P0645
	Text Formatting <http://fmtlib.net/Text%20Formatting.html>`__.
	Released versions are available from the `Releases page
	<https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/releases>`__.

	Features
	--------

	* Replacement-based `format API <http://fmtlib.net/dev/api.html>`_ with
	positional arguments for localization.
	* `Format string syntax <http://fmtlib.net/dev/syntax.html>`_ similar to the one
	of `str.format <https://docs.python.org/2/library/stdtypes.html#str.format>`_
	in Python.
	* Safe `printf implementation
	<http://fmtlib.net/latest/api.html#printf-formatting>`_ including
	the POSIX extension for positional arguments.
	* Support for user-defined types.
	* High speed: performance of the format API is close to that of glibc's `printf
	<http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/c/fprintf>`_ and better than the
	performance of IOStreams. See `Speed tests`_ and
	`Fast integer to string conversion in C++
	<http://zverovich.net/2013/09/07/integer-to-string-conversion-in-cplusplus.html>`_.
	* Small code size both in terms of source code (the minimum configuration
	consists of just three header files, ``core.h``, ``format.h`` and
	``format-inl.h``) and compiled code. See `Compile time and code bloat`_.
	* Reliability: the library has an extensive set of `unit tests
	<https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/tree/master/test>`_.
	* Safety: the library is fully type safe, errors in format strings can be
	reported at compile time, automatic memory management prevents buffer overflow
	errors.
	* Ease of use: small self-contained code base, no external dependencies,
	permissive BSD `license
	<https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/blob/master/LICENSE.rst>`_
	* `Portability <http://fmtlib.net/latest/index.html#portability>`_ with
	consistent output across platforms and support for older compilers.
	* Clean warning-free codebase even on high warning levels
	(``-Wall -Wextra -pedantic``).
	* Support for wide strings.
	* Optional header-only configuration enabled with the ``FMT_HEADER_ONLY`` macro.

	See the `documentation <http://fmtlib.net/latest/>`_ for more details.

	Examples
	--------

	This prints ``Hello, world!`` to stdout:

	.. code:: c++

	fmt::print("Hello, {}!", "world"); // uses Python-like format string syntax
	fmt::printf("Hello, %s!", "world"); // uses printf format string syntax

	Arguments can be accessed by position and arguments' indices can be repeated:

	.. code:: c++

	std::string s = fmt::format("{0}{1}{0}", "abra", "cad");
	// s == "abracadabra"

	Format strings can be checked at compile time:

	.. code:: c++

	// test.cc
	#define FMT_STRING_ALIAS 1
	#include <fmt/format.h>
	std::string s = format(fmt("{2}"), 42);

	.. code::

	$ c++ -Iinclude -std=c++14 test.cc
	...
	test.cc:4:17: note: in instantiation of function template specialization 'fmt::v5::format<S, int>' requested here
	std::string s = format(fmt("{2}"), 42);
	^
	include/fmt/core.h:778:19: note: non-constexpr function 'on_error' cannot be used in a constant expression
	ErrorHandler::on_error(message);
	^
	include/fmt/format.h:2226:16: note: in call to '&checker.context_->on_error(&"argument index out of range"[0])'
	context_.on_error("argument index out of range");
	^

	{fmt} can be used as a safe portable replacement for ``itoa``
	(`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/g/NXmpU4>`_):

	.. code:: c++

	fmt::memory_buffer buf;
	format_to(buf, "{}", 42); // replaces itoa(42, buffer, 10)
	format_to(buf, "{:x}", 42); // replaces itoa(42, buffer, 16)
	// access the string using to_string(buf) or buf.data()

	Formatting of user-defined types is supported via a simple
	`extension API <http://fmtlib.net/latest/api.html#formatting-user-defined-types>`_:

	.. code:: c++

	#include "fmt/format.h"

	struct date {
	int year, month, day;
	};

	template <>
	struct fmt::formatter<date> {
	template <typename ParseContext>
	constexpr auto parse(ParseContext &ctx) { return ctx.begin(); }

	template <typename FormatContext>
	auto format(const date &d, FormatContext &ctx) {
	return format_to(ctx.out(), "{}-{}-{}", d.year, d.month, d.day);
	}
	};

	std::string s = fmt::format("The date is {}", date{2012, 12, 9});
	// s == "The date is 2012-12-9"

	You can create your own functions similar to `format
	<http://fmtlib.net/latest/api.html#format>`_ and
	`print <http://fmtlib.net/latest/api.html#print>`_
	which take arbitrary arguments (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/g/MHjHVf>`_):

	.. code:: c++

	// Prints formatted error message.
	void vreport_error(const char *format, fmt::format_args args) {
	fmt::print("Error: ");
	fmt::vprint(format, args);
	}
	template <typename... Args>
	void report_error(const char *format, const Args & ... args) {
	vreport_error(format, fmt::make_format_args(args...));
	}

	report_error("file not found: {}", path);

	Note that ``vreport_error`` is not parameterized on argument types which can
	improve compile times and reduce code size compared to fully parameterized
	version.

	Projects using this library
	---------------------------

	* `0 A.D. <http://play0ad.com/>`_: A free, open-source, cross-platform real-time
	strategy game

	* `AMPL/MP <https://github.com/ampl/mp>`_:
	An open-source library for mathematical programming

	* `AvioBook <https://www.aviobook.aero/en>`_: A comprehensive aircraft
	operations suite

	* `Celestia <https://celestia.space/>`_: Real-time 3D visualization of space

	* `Ceph <https://ceph.com/>`_: A scalable distributed storage system

	* `CUAUV <http://cuauv.org/>`_: Cornell University's autonomous underwater
	vehicle

	* `HarpyWar/pvpgn <https://github.com/pvpgn/pvpgn-server>`_:
	Player vs Player Gaming Network with tweaks

	* `KBEngine <http://kbengine.org/>`_: An open-source MMOG server engine

	* `Keypirinha <http://keypirinha.com/>`_: A semantic launcher for Windows

	* `Kodi <https://kodi.tv/>`_ (formerly xbmc): Home theater software

	* `Lifeline <https://github.com/peter-clark/lifeline>`_: A 2D game

	* `Drake <http://drake.mit.edu/>`_: A planning, control, and analysis toolbox
	for nonlinear dynamical systems (MIT)

	* `Envoy <https://lyft.github.io/envoy/>`_: C++ L7 proxy and communication bus
	(Lyft)

	* `FiveM <https://fivem.net/>`_: a modification framework for GTA V

	* `MongoDB Smasher <https://github.com/duckie/mongo_smasher>`_: A small tool to
	generate randomized datasets

	* `OpenSpace <http://openspaceproject.com/>`_: An open-source astrovisualization
	framework

	* `PenUltima Online (POL) <http://www.polserver.com/>`_:
	An MMO server, compatible with most Ultima Online clients

	* `quasardb <https://www.quasardb.net/>`_: A distributed, high-performance,
	associative database

	* `readpe <https://bitbucket.org/sys_dev/readpe>`_: Read Portable Executable

	* `redis-cerberus <https://github.com/HunanTV/redis-cerberus>`_: A Redis cluster
	proxy

	* `rpclib <http://rpclib.net/>`_: A modern C++ msgpack-RPC server and client
	library

	* `Saddy <https://github.com/mamontov-cpp/saddy-graphics-engine-2d>`_:
	Small crossplatform 2D graphic engine

	* `Salesforce Analytics Cloud <http://www.salesforce.com/analytics-cloud/overview/>`_:
	Business intelligence software

	* `Scylla <http://www.scylladb.com/>`_: A Cassandra-compatible NoSQL data store
	that can handle 1 million transactions per second on a single server

	* `Seastar <http://www.seastar-project.org/>`_: An advanced, open-source C++
	framework for high-performance server applications on modern hardware

	* `spdlog <https://github.com/gabime/spdlog>`_: Super fast C++ logging library

	* `Stellar <https://www.stellar.org/>`_: Financial platform

	* `Touch Surgery <https://www.touchsurgery.com/>`_: Surgery simulator

	* `TrinityCore <https://github.com/TrinityCore/TrinityCore>`_: Open-source
	MMORPG framework

	`More... <https://github.com/search?q=cppformat&type=Code>`_

	If you are aware of other projects using this library, please let me know
	by `email <mailto:victor.zverovich@gmail.com>`_ or by submitting an
	`issue <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues>`_.

	Motivation
	----------

	So why yet another formatting library?

	There are plenty of methods for doing this task, from standard ones like
	the printf family of function and IOStreams to Boost Format library and
	FastFormat. The reason for creating a new library is that every existing
	solution that I found either had serious issues or didn't provide
	all the features I needed.

	Printf
	~~~~~~

	The good thing about printf is that it is pretty fast and readily available
	being a part of the C standard library. The main drawback is that it
	doesn't support user-defined types. Printf also has safety issues although
	they are mostly solved with `__attribute__ ((format (printf, ...))
	<http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Function-Attributes.html>`_ in GCC.
	There is a POSIX extension that adds positional arguments required for
	`i18n <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization>`_
	to printf but it is not a part of C99 and may not be available on some
	platforms.

	IOStreams
	~~~~~~~~~

	The main issue with IOStreams is best illustrated with an example:

	.. code:: c++

	std::cout << std::setprecision(2) << std::fixed << 1.23456 << "\n";

	which is a lot of typing compared to printf:

	.. code:: c++

	printf("%.2f\n", 1.23456);

	Matthew Wilson, the author of FastFormat, referred to this situation with
	IOStreams as "chevron hell". IOStreams doesn't support positional arguments
	by design.

	The good part is that IOStreams supports user-defined types and is safe
	although error reporting is awkward.

	Boost Format library
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	This is a very powerful library which supports both printf-like format
	strings and positional arguments. Its main drawback is performance.
	According to various benchmarks it is much slower than other methods
	considered here. Boost Format also has excessive build times and severe
	code bloat issues (see `Benchmarks`_).

	FastFormat
	~~~~~~~~~~

	This is an interesting library which is fast, safe and has positional
	arguments. However it has significant limitations, citing its author:

	Three features that have no hope of being accommodated within the
	current design are:

	* Leading zeros (or any other non-space padding)
	* Octal/hexadecimal encoding
	* Runtime width/alignment specification

	It is also quite big and has a heavy dependency, STLSoft, which might be
	too restrictive for using it in some projects.

	Loki SafeFormat
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	SafeFormat is a formatting library which uses printf-like format strings
	and is type safe. It doesn't support user-defined types or positional
	arguments. It makes unconventional use of ``operator()`` for passing
	format arguments.

	Tinyformat
	~~~~~~~~~~

	This library supports printf-like format strings and is very small and
	fast. Unfortunately it doesn't support positional arguments and wrapping
	it in C++98 is somewhat difficult. Also its performance and code compactness
	are limited by IOStreams.

	Boost Spirit.Karma
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	This is not really a formatting library but I decided to include it here
	for completeness. As IOStreams it suffers from the problem of mixing
	verbatim text with arguments. The library is pretty fast, but slower
	on integer formatting than ``fmt::Writer`` on Karma's own benchmark,
	see `Fast integer to string conversion in C++
	<http://zverovich.net/2013/09/07/integer-to-string-conversion-in-cplusplus.html>`_.

	Benchmarks
	----------

	Speed tests
	~~~~~~~~~~~

	The following speed tests results were generated by building
	``tinyformat_test.cpp`` on Ubuntu GNU/Linux 14.04.1 with
	``g++-4.8.2 -O3 -DSPEED_TEST -DHAVE_FORMAT``, and taking the best of three
	runs. In the test, the format string ``"%0.10f:%04d:%+g:%s:%p:%c:%%\n"`` or
	equivalent is filled 2000000 times with output sent to ``/dev/null``; for
	further details see the `source
	<https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark/blob/master/tinyformat_test.cpp>`_.

	================= ============= ===========
	Library Method Run Time, s
	================= ============= ===========
	libc printf 1.35
	libc++ std::ostream 3.42
	fmt 534bff7 fmt::print 1.56
	tinyformat 2.0.1 tfm::printf 3.73
	Boost Format 1.54 boost::format 8.44
	Folly Format folly::format 2.54
	================= ============= ===========

	As you can see ``boost::format`` is much slower than the alternative methods; this
	is confirmed by `other tests <http://accu.org/index.php/journals/1539>`_.
	Tinyformat is quite good coming close to IOStreams. Unfortunately tinyformat
	cannot be faster than the IOStreams because it uses them internally.
	Performance of fmt is close to that of printf, being `faster than printf on integer
	formatting <http://zverovich.net/2013/09/07/integer-to-string-conversion-in-cplusplus.html>`_,
	but slower on floating-point formatting which dominates this benchmark.

	Compile time and code bloat
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	The script `bloat-test.py
	<https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark/blob/master/bloat-test.py>`_
	from `format-benchmark <https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark>`_
	tests compile time and code bloat for nontrivial projects.
	It generates 100 translation units and uses ``printf()`` or its alternative
	five times in each to simulate a medium sized project. The resulting
	executable size and compile time (Apple LLVM version 8.1.0 (clang-802.0.42),
	macOS Sierra, best of three) is shown in the following tables.

	Optimized build (-O3)

	============= =============== ==================== ==================
	Method Compile Time, s Executable size, KiB Stripped size, KiB
	============= =============== ==================== ==================
	printf 2.6 29 26
	printf+string 16.4 29 26
	IOStreams 31.1 59 55
	fmt 19.0 37 34
	tinyformat 44.0 103 97
	Boost Format 91.9 226 203
	Folly Format 115.7 101 88
	============= =============== ==================== ==================

	As you can see, fmt has 60% less overhead in terms of resulting binary code
	size compared to IOStreams and comes pretty close to ``printf``. Boost Format
	and Folly Format have the largest overheads.

	``printf+string`` is the same as ``printf`` but with extra ``<string>``
	include to measure the overhead of the latter.

	Non-optimized build

	============= =============== ==================== ==================
	Method Compile Time, s Executable size, KiB Stripped size, KiB
	============= =============== ==================== ==================
	printf 2.2 33 30
	printf+string 16.0 33 30
	IOStreams 28.3 56 52
	fmt 18.2 59 50
	tinyformat 32.6 88 82
	Boost Format 54.1 365 303
	Folly Format 79.9 445 430
	============= =============== ==================== ==================

	``libc``, ``lib(std)c++`` and ``libfmt`` are all linked as shared
	libraries to compare formatting function overhead only. Boost Format
	and tinyformat are header-only libraries so they don't provide any
	linkage options.

	Running the tests
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	Please refer to `Building the library`__ for the instructions on how to build
	the library and run the unit tests.

	__ http://fmtlib.net/latest/usage.html#building-the-library

	Benchmarks reside in a separate repository,
	`format-benchmarks <https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark>`_,
	so to run the benchmarks you first need to clone this repository and
	generate Makefiles with CMake::

	$ git clone --recursive https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark.git
	$ cd format-benchmark
	$ cmake .

	Then you can run the speed test::

	$ make speed-test

	or the bloat test::

	$ make bloat-test

	FAQ
	---

	Q: how can I capture formatting arguments and format them later?

	A: use ``std::tuple``:

	.. code:: c++

	template <typename... Args>
	auto capture(const Args&... args) {
	return std::make_tuple(args...);
	}

	auto print_message = [](const auto&... args) {
	fmt::print(args...);
	};

	// Capture and store arguments:
	auto args = capture("{} {}", 42, "foo");
	// Do formatting:
	std::apply(print_message, args);

	License
	-------

	fmt is distributed under the BSD `license
	<https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/blob/master/LICENSE.rst>`_.

	The `Format String Syntax
	<http://fmtlib.net/latest/syntax.html>`_
	section in the documentation is based on the one from Python `string module
	documentation <https://docs.python.org/3/library/string.html#module-string>`_
	adapted for the current library. For this reason the documentation is
	distributed under the Python Software Foundation license available in
	`doc/python-license.txt
	<https://raw.github.com/fmtlib/fmt/master/doc/python-license.txt>`_.
	It only applies if you distribute the documentation of fmt.

	Acknowledgments
	---------------

	The fmt library is maintained by Victor Zverovich (`vitaut
	<https://github.com/vitaut>`_) and Jonathan Müller (`foonathan
	<https://github.com/foonathan>`_) with contributions from many other people.
	See `Contributors <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/graphs/contributors>`_ and
	`Releases <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/releases>`_ for some of the names.
	Let us know if your contribution is not listed or mentioned incorrectly and
	we'll make it right.

	The benchmark section of this readme file and the performance tests are taken
	from the excellent `tinyformat <https://github.com/c42f/tinyformat>`_ library
	written by Chris Foster. Boost Format library is acknowledged transitively
	since it had some influence on tinyformat.
	Some ideas used in the implementation are borrowed from `Loki
	<http://loki-lib.sourceforge.net/>`_ SafeFormat and `Diagnostic API
	<http://clang.llvm.org/doxygen/classclang_1_1Diagnostic.html>`_ in
	`Clang <http://clang.llvm.org/>`_.
	Format string syntax and the documentation are based on Python's `str.format
	<http://docs.python.org/2/library/stdtypes.html#str.format>`_.
	Thanks `Doug Turnbull <https://github.com/softwaredoug>`_ for his valuable
	comments and contribution to the design of the type-safe API and
	`Gregory Czajkowski <https://github.com/gcflymoto>`_ for implementing binary
	formatting. Thanks `Ruslan Baratov <https://github.com/ruslo>`_ for comprehensive
	`comparison of integer formatting algorithms <https://github.com/ruslo/int-dec-format-tests>`_
	and useful comments regarding performance, `Boris Kaul <https://github.com/localvoid>`_ for
	`C++ counting digits benchmark <https://github.com/localvoid/cxx-benchmark-count-digits>`_.
	Thanks to `CarterLi <https://github.com/CarterLi>`_ for contributing various
	improvements to the code.